我们考虑无监督的域适应性（UDA），其中使用来自源域（例如照片）的标记数据，而来自目标域（例如草图）的未标记数据用于学习目标域的分类器。常规的UDA方法（例如，域对抗训练）学习域不变特征，以改善对目标域的概括。在本文中，我们表明，对比的预训练，它在未标记的源和目标数据上学习功能，然后在标记的源数据上进行微调，具有强大的UDA方法的竞争力。但是，我们发现对比前训练不会学习域不变特征，这与常规的UDA直觉不同。从理论上讲，我们证明了对比的预训练可以学习在跨域下微调但仍通过解开域和类信息来概括到目标域的特征。我们的结果表明，UDA不需要域的不变性。我们从经验上验证了基准视觉数据集的理论。

部署在野外的机器学习系统通常在源分布上培训，但部署在不同的目标分布上。未标记的数据可以是用于缓解这些分布班次的强大的利用点，因为它通常比标记数据更具可用。然而，未标记数据的现有分配转换基准不反映现实世界应用中出现的方案的广度。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Wilds 2.0更新，该更新在分发转移的野外基准中扩展了10个数据集中的8个，以包括将在部署中逼真获得的策划未标记数据。为了保持一致性，标记的培训，验证和测试集以及评估度量与原始野外基准中的标记与评估度量完全相同。这些数据集涵盖了广泛的应用程序（从组织学到野生动物保护），任务（分类，回归和检测）和方式（照片，卫星图像，显微镜载玻片，文本，分子图）。我们系统地基准测试最先进的方法，可以利用未标记的数据，包括域不变，自我培训和自我监督方法，并表明他们在野外的成功2.0是有限的。为了方便方法开发和评估，我们提供了一个自动化数据加载的开源包，并包含本文中使用的所有模型架构和方法。代码和排行榜可在https://wilds.stanford.edu获得。

如GPT-3等大型预用语言模型具有令人惊讶的能力，可以在内心学习中进行令人惊讶的能力，其中模型只是通过在由输入 - 输出示例组成的提示上调节下游任务。如果没有明确预制措施这样做，语言模型在其前向通过期间从这些示例学习，而不会在“超出分布”提示上的参数更新。因此，目前尚不清楚在语境中学习的机制。在本文中，我们研究预先磨普分配对预先训练文本具有远程连贯性的数学环境下的上下背景学习的出现的作用。在这里，语言模型预先润廓需要从调节文本推断潜在文档级概念以生成连贯的下一个标记。在测试时间时，该机制通过推断在提示示例之间推断共享潜在的概念并将其应用于对测试示例进行预测来实现内容学习。具体地，我们证明了当预先预防性分布是HMMS的混合物时，通过潜在概念的贝叶斯推断隐含地学习。尽管提示和预先预订数据之间分发不匹配，但这可能发生这种情况。与自然语言中的上下文学习的凌乱大规模预测数据集相比，我们生成了一个小型合成数据集（GINC），其中变压器和LSTM语言模型都展示了内容学习。除了专注于预先预测分配的影响的理论之外，我们经验发现，即使预预测损耗是相同的，也要统一地提高了缩放模型规模的内容精度。

AI正在经历范式转变，随着模型的兴起（例如Bert，Dall-E，GPT-3），这些模型经过大规模的数据训练，并且可以适应广泛的下游任务。我们称这些模型基础模型来强调其至关重要但不完整的特征。该报告提供了基础模型的机会和风险的详尽说明，包括其功能（例如语言，愿景，机器人技术，推理，人类互动）和技术原则（例如，模型架构，培训程序，数据，系统，安全，安全性，评估，理论）对其应用（例如法律，医疗保健，教育）和社会影响（例如不平等，滥用，经济和环境影响，法律和道德考虑）。尽管基础模型基于标准的深度学习和转移学习，但它们的规模导致了新的新兴能力，以及它们在许多任务中的有效性都激发了同质化。同质化提供了强大的杠杆作用，但要求谨慎，因为基础模型的缺陷均由下游的所有适应模型继承。尽管即将广泛地部署基础模型，但我们目前对它们的工作方式，失败以及由于其新兴属性的影响而缺乏清晰的了解。为了解决这些问题，我们认为基础模型的许多批判性研究都需要与他们的基本社会技术性质相称。

Distribution shifts-where the training distribution differs from the test distribution-can substantially degrade the accuracy of machine learning (ML) systems deployed in the wild. Despite their ubiquity in the real-world deployments, these distribution shifts are under-represented in the datasets widely used in the ML community today. To address this gap, we present Wilds, a curated benchmark of 10 datasets reflecting a diverse range of distribution shifts that naturally arise in real-world applications, such as shifts across hospitals for tumor identification; across camera traps for wildlife monitoring; and across time and location in satellite imaging and poverty mapping. On each dataset, we show that standard training yields substantially lower out-of-distribution than in-distribution performance. This gap remains even with models trained by existing methods for tackling distribution shifts, underscoring the need for new methods for training models that are more robust to the types of distribution shifts that arise in practice. To facilitate method development, we provide an open-source package that automates dataset loading, contains default model architectures and hyperparameters, and standardizes evaluations. Code and leaderboards are available at https://wilds.stanford.edu.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

跨模式时尚图像合成已成为一代域中最有前途的方向之一，因为巨大的未开发的潜力融合了多种方式和广泛的时尚图像应用。为了促进准确的生成，跨模式合成方法通常依赖于对比的语言图像预训练（剪辑）来对齐文本和服装信息。在这项工作中，我们认为，简单地对齐纹理和服装信息不足以捕获视觉信息的语义，因此提出了maskClip。 MaskClip将服装分解为语义部分，以确保视觉和文本信息之间的细粒度和语义准确对齐。在MaskClip上，我们建议Armani，这是一位统一的跨模式时装设计师，具有零件级的服装文本对齐。 Armani在第一阶段将图像分散成统一令牌，并使用变压器在第二阶段的控制信号的标记中使用变压器为真实图像的图像令牌进行建模。与同样依赖两阶段范式的先前方法相反，Armani将文本令牌引入了代码簿中，使该模型可以利用细粒语义信息来生成更真实的图像。此外，通过引入跨模式变压器，Armani具有通用性，可以从各种控制信号（例如纯文本，草图图像和部分图像）中完成图像合成。在我们新收集的跨模式时尚数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，Armani在不同的合成任务中生成了光真实的图像，并且优于现有的最先进的跨模式图像综合方法。 github.com/harvey594/armani。

存储数十万个材料结构及其相应特性的开放材料数据库已成为现代计算材料科学的基石。然而，模拟的原始输出，例如分子动力学模拟的轨迹和密度功能理论计算的电荷密度，通常由于其较大的尺寸而没有共享。在这项工作中，我们描述了一个基于云的平台，以促进原始数据的共享，并在云中启用快速的后处理以提取用户定义的新属性。作为初始演示，我们的数据库目前包括6286个用于无定形聚合物电解质的分子动力学轨迹和5.7吨数据库。我们在https://github.com/tri-amdd/htp_md上创建一个公共分析库，使用专家设计的功能和机器学习模型，从原始数据中提取多个属性。该分析是通过云中的计算自动运行的，然后结果填充可以公开访问的数据库。我们的平台鼓励用户通过公共接口贡献新的轨迹数据和分析功能。新分析的属性将纳入数据库。最后，我们在https://www.htpmd.matr.io上创建了一个前端用户界面，以浏览和可视化数据。我们设想该平台将是一种为计算材料科学界共享原始数据和新见解的新方法。